Ocean Urea Fertilization for Carbon Credits Poses High Ecological Risks
Identifieur interne : 008570 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 008569; suivant : 008571Ocean Urea Fertilization for Carbon Credits Poses High Ecological Risks
Auteurs : Patricia M. Glibert ; Rhodora Azanza ; Michele Burford ; Ken Furuya ; Eva Abal ; Adnan Al-Azri ; Faiza Al-Yamani ; Per Andersen ; John Beardall ; G. Mine Berg ; Larry Brand ; Deborah Bronk ; Justin Brookes ; Joann M. Burkholder ; Allan Cembella ; William P. Cochlan ; Jackie Collier ; Yves Collos ; Robert Diaz ; Martina Doblin ; Thomas Drennen ; Sonya Dyhrman ; Yasuwo Fukuyo ; Miles Furnas ; James Galloway ; Edna Granéli ; Dao Viet Ha ; Gustaaf Hallegraeff ; John Harrison ; Paul J. Harrison ; Cynthia A. Heil ; Kirsten Heimann ; Robert Howarth ; Cécile Jauzein ; Austin A. Kana ; Todd M. Kana ; Hakgyoon Kim ; Raphael Kudela ; Catherine Legrand ; Michael Mallin ; Margaret Mulholland ; Shauna Murray ; Judith O Eil ; Grant Pitcher ; Yuzao Qi ; Nancy Rabalais ; Robin Raine ; Sybil Seitzinger ; Caroline Solomon ; Diane K. Stoecker ; Gires Usup ; Joanne Wilson ; Kedong Yin ; Mingjiang Zhou ; Mingyuan ZhuSource :
- Marine pollution bulletin [ 0025-326X ] ; 2008.
Abstract
The proposed plan for enrichment of the Sulu Sea, Philippines, a region of rich marine biodiversity, with thousands of tonnes of urea in order to stimulate algal blooms and sequester carbon is flawed for multiple reasons. Urea is preferentially used as a nitrogen source by some cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, many of which are neutrally or positively buoyant. Biological pumps to the deep sea are classically leaky, and the inefficient burial of new biomass makes the estimation of a net loss of carbon from the atmosphere questionable at best. The potential for growth of toxic dinoflagellates is also high, as many grow well on urea and some even increase their toxicity when grown on urea. Many toxic dinoflagellates form cysts which can settle to the sediment and germinate in subsequent years, forming new blooms even without further fertilization. If large-scale blooms do occur, it is likely that they will contribute to hypoxia in the bottom waters upon decomposition. Lastly, urea production requires fossil fuel usage, further limiting the potential for net carbon sequestration. The environmental and economic impacts are potentially great and need to be rigorously assessed.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.03.010
PubMed: 18439628
PubMed Central: 5373553
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Ocean Urea Fertilization for Carbon Credits Poses High Ecological Risks</title><author><name sortKey="Glibert, Patricia M" sort="Glibert, Patricia M" uniqKey="Glibert P" first="Patricia M." last="Glibert">Patricia M. Glibert</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, PO Box 775, Cambridge MD 21613, USA;<email>glibert@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>kana@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>joneil@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>stoecker@hpl.umces.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Azanza, Rhodora" sort="Azanza, Rhodora" uniqKey="Azanza R" first="Rhodora" last="Azanza">Rhodora Azanza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">The Marine Science Institute, Velasquez, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines;<email>rhodaazanza@yahoo.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burford, Michele" sort="Burford, Michele" uniqKey="Burford M" first="Michele" last="Burford">Michele Burford</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Griffith University, Australian Rivers Institute, Kessel Rd., Nathan Queensland 4111, Australia;<email>m.burford@griffith.edu.au</email>;<email>k.yin@griffith.edu.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Furuya, Ken" sort="Furuya, Ken" uniqKey="Furuya K" first="Ken" last="Furuya">Ken Furuya</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Aquatic Bioscience, the University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;<email>furuya@fs.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abal, Eva" sort="Abal, Eva" uniqKey="Abal E" first="Eva" last="Abal">Eva Abal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">South East Queensland Healthy Waterways Partnership, 239 George Street, GPO Box 1434, Brisbane Queensland 4001, Australia;<email>e.abal@uq.edu.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Azri, Adnan" sort="Al Azri, Adnan" uniqKey="Al Azri A" first="Adnan" last="Al-Azri">Adnan Al-Azri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Dept. of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O.Box 34, Al-Khodh, PC123 Muscat, Oman;<email>adnazri@squ.edu.om</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Yamani, Faiza" sort="Al Yamani, Faiza" uniqKey="Al Yamani F" first="Faiza" last="Al-Yamani">Faiza Al-Yamani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O Box 24885 Safat 13109, Kuwait;<email>fyamani@safat.kisr.edu.kw</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andersen, Per" sort="Andersen, Per" uniqKey="Andersen P" first="Per" last="Andersen">Per Andersen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Orbicon A/S, Jens Juuls Vej 18, 8260, Viby J., Denmark;<email>pea@orbicon.dk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beardall, John" sort="Beardall, John" uniqKey="Beardall J" first="John" last="Beardall">John Beardall</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Victoria 3800, Australia;<email>john.beardall@sci.monash.edu.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berg, G Mine" sort="Berg, G Mine" uniqKey="Berg G" first="G. Mine" last="Berg">G. Mine Berg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;<email>mineberg@stanford.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brand, Larry" sort="Brand, Larry" uniqKey="Brand L" first="Larry" last="Brand">Larry Brand</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Rosentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA;<email>lbrand@rsmas.miami.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bronk, Deborah" sort="Bronk, Deborah" uniqKey="Bronk D" first="Deborah" last="Bronk">Deborah Bronk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Virginia Institute of Marine Science, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA;<email>bronk@vims.edu</email>;<email>diaz@vims.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brookes, Justin" sort="Brookes, Justin" uniqKey="Brookes J" first="Justin" last="Brookes">Justin Brookes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Water Research Cluster, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide South Australia 5005, Australia;<email>justin.brookes@adelaide.edu.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burkholder, Joann M" sort="Burkholder, Joann M" uniqKey="Burkholder J" first="Joann M." last="Burkholder">Joann M. Burkholder</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA;<email>jburk@ncsu.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cembella, Allan" sort="Cembella, Allan" uniqKey="Cembella A" first="Allan" last="Cembella">Allan Cembella</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;<email>Allan.Cembella@awi.de</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cochlan, William P" sort="Cochlan, William P" uniqKey="Cochlan W" first="William P." last="Cochlan">William P. Cochlan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94920, USA;<email>cochlan@sfsu.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Collier, Jackie" sort="Collier, Jackie" uniqKey="Collier J" first="Jackie" last="Collier">Jackie Collier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">Marine Sciences Research Center, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;<email>jcollier@notes.cc.sunysb.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Collos, Yves" sort="Collos, Yves" uniqKey="Collos Y" first="Yves" last="Collos">Yves Collos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Université Montpellier 2, CNRS, Ifremer, Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Lagunaires (UMR 5119) CC093, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France;<email>Yves.Collos@univ-montp2.fr</email>;<email>cjauzein@univ-montp2.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diaz, Robert" sort="Diaz, Robert" uniqKey="Diaz R" first="Robert" last="Diaz">Robert Diaz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Virginia Institute of Marine Science, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA;<email>bronk@vims.edu</email>;<email>diaz@vims.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doblin, Martina" sort="Doblin, Martina" uniqKey="Doblin M" first="Martina" last="Doblin">Martina Doblin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia;<email>Martina.Doblin@uts.edu.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Drennen, Thomas" sort="Drennen, Thomas" uniqKey="Drennen T" first="Thomas" last="Drennen">Thomas Drennen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Departments of Economics and Environmental Studies, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva NY 14456, USA;<email>drennen@hws.edu</email>;<email>austin.kana@hws.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dyhrman, Sonya" sort="Dyhrman, Sonya" uniqKey="Dyhrman S" first="Sonya" last="Dyhrman">Sonya Dyhrman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Biology Department MS#33, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;<email>sdyhrman@whoi.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fukuyo, Yasuwo" sort="Fukuyo, Yasuwo" uniqKey="Fukuyo Y" first="Yasuwo" last="Fukuyo">Yasuwo Fukuyo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;<email>ufukuyo@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Furnas, Miles" sort="Furnas, Miles" uniqKey="Furnas M" first="Miles" last="Furnas">Miles Furnas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">Water Quality and Ecosystem Health Team, Australian Institute of Marine Science PMB No. 3, Townsville MC, Queensland 4810, Australia;<email>m.furnas@aims.gov.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Galloway, James" sort="Galloway, James" uniqKey="Galloway J" first="James" last="Galloway">James Galloway</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Environmental Sciences Department, Clark Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22903 VA, USA;<email>jng@virginia.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Graneli, Edna" sort="Graneli, Edna" uniqKey="Graneli E" first="Edna" last="Granéli">Edna Granéli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Department of Marine Sciences, University of Kalmar, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden;<email>edna.graneli@hik.se</email>;<email>catherine.legrand@hik.se</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ha, Dao Viet" sort="Ha, Dao Viet" uniqKey="Ha D" first="Dao Viet" last="Ha">Dao Viet Ha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Institute of Oceanography, Cauda 01, Vinh Nguyen, Nhatrang City, Vietnam;<email>tmmp_vnocean@ng.vnn.vn</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hallegraeff, Gustaaf" sort="Hallegraeff, Gustaaf" uniqKey="Hallegraeff G" first="Gustaaf" last="Hallegraeff">Gustaaf Hallegraeff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">School of Plant Science,University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart Tasmania 7001, Australia;<email>Hallegraeff@utas.edu.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harrison, John" sort="Harrison, John" uniqKey="Harrison J" first="John" last="Harrison">John Harrison</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver Campus, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA;<email>harrisoj@vancouver.wsu.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harrison, Paul J" sort="Harrison, Paul J" uniqKey="Harrison P" first="Paul J." last="Harrison">Paul J. Harrison</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Atmospheric, Marine and Coastal Environment Program, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China;<email>harrison@ust.hk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heil, Cynthia A" sort="Heil, Cynthia A" uniqKey="Heil C" first="Cynthia A." last="Heil">Cynthia A. Heil</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, 100 Eighth Ave., S., St. Petersburg, FL 33701 USA;<email>Cindy.Heil@MyFWC.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heimann, Kirsten" sort="Heimann, Kirsten" uniqKey="Heimann K" first="Kirsten" last="Heimann">Kirsten Heimann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville Queensland 4811, Australia;<email>Kirsten.Heimann@jcu.edu.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Howarth, Robert" sort="Howarth, Robert" uniqKey="Howarth R" first="Robert" last="Howarth">Robert Howarth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, E311 Corson Hall, Ithaca NY 14853, USA;<email>rwh2@cornell.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jauzein, Cecile" sort="Jauzein, Cecile" uniqKey="Jauzein C" first="Cécile" last="Jauzein">Cécile Jauzein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Université Montpellier 2, CNRS, Ifremer, Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Lagunaires (UMR 5119) CC093, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France;<email>Yves.Collos@univ-montp2.fr</email>;<email>cjauzein@univ-montp2.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kana, Austin A" sort="Kana, Austin A" uniqKey="Kana A" first="Austin A." last="Kana">Austin A. Kana</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Departments of Economics and Environmental Studies, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva NY 14456, USA;<email>drennen@hws.edu</email>;<email>austin.kana@hws.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kana, Todd M" sort="Kana, Todd M" uniqKey="Kana T" first="Todd M." last="Kana">Todd M. Kana</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, PO Box 775, Cambridge MD 21613, USA;<email>glibert@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>kana@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>joneil@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>stoecker@hpl.umces.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Hakgyoon" sort="Kim, Hakgyoon" uniqKey="Kim H" first="Hakgyoon" last="Kim">Hakgyoon Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Pukyong National University, Department of Ocean Science, 599-1 Daeyon-Dong, Nam-gu, Busan, Korea;<email>hgkim7592@yahoo.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kudela, Raphael" sort="Kudela, Raphael" uniqKey="Kudela R" first="Raphael" last="Kudela">Raphael Kudela</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">Ocean Sciences and Institute for Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;<email>kudela@ucsc.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Legrand, Catherine" sort="Legrand, Catherine" uniqKey="Legrand C" first="Catherine" last="Legrand">Catherine Legrand</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Department of Marine Sciences, University of Kalmar, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden;<email>edna.graneli@hik.se</email>;<email>catherine.legrand@hik.se</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mallin, Michael" sort="Mallin, Michael" uniqKey="Mallin M" first="Michael" last="Mallin">Michael Mallin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, N.C. 28409;<email>mallinm@uncw.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mulholland, Margaret" sort="Mulholland, Margaret" uniqKey="Mulholland M" first="Margaret" last="Mulholland">Margaret Mulholland</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Old Dominion University, 4600 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA;<email>mmulholl@odu.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murray, Shauna" sort="Murray, Shauna" uniqKey="Murray S" first="Shauna" last="Murray">Shauna Murray</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">School of Biological Sciences A08, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia;<email>smurray@bio.usyd.edu.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Eil, Judith" sort="O Eil, Judith" uniqKey="O Eil J" first="Judith" last="O Eil">Judith O Eil</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, PO Box 775, Cambridge MD 21613, USA;<email>glibert@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>kana@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>joneil@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>stoecker@hpl.umces.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pitcher, Grant" sort="Pitcher, Grant" uniqKey="Pitcher G" first="Grant" last="Pitcher">Grant Pitcher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">Marine and Coastal Management, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay 8012, Cape Town, South Africa;<email>Gpitcher@deat.gov.za</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qi, Yuzao" sort="Qi, Yuzao" uniqKey="Qi Y" first="Yuzao" last="Qi">Yuzao Qi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Jinan University, Research Center for Harmful Algae and Aquatic Environment, 510632, Guanzhou, P.R. China;<email>tql@jnu.edu.cn</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rabalais, Nancy" sort="Rabalais, Nancy" uniqKey="Rabalais N" first="Nancy" last="Rabalais">Nancy Rabalais</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, Chauvin, LA 70344, USA;<email>nrabalais@lumcon.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raine, Robin" sort="Raine, Robin" uniqKey="Raine R" first="Robin" last="Raine">Robin Raine</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">Martin Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland;<email>robin.raine@nuigalway.ie</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seitzinger, Sybil" sort="Seitzinger, Sybil" uniqKey="Seitzinger S" first="Sybil" last="Seitzinger">Sybil Seitzinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Rutgers/NOAA CMER, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;<email>sybil@marine.rutgers.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Solomon, Caroline" sort="Solomon, Caroline" uniqKey="Solomon C" first="Caroline" last="Solomon">Caroline Solomon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Department of Biology, Gallaudet University, 800 Florida Ave, NE, Washington D.C. 20002, USA;<email>caroline.solomon@gallaudet.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stoecker, Diane K" sort="Stoecker, Diane K" uniqKey="Stoecker D" first="Diane K." last="Stoecker">Diane K. Stoecker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, PO Box 775, Cambridge MD 21613, USA;<email>glibert@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>kana@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>joneil@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>stoecker@hpl.umces.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Usup, Gires" sort="Usup, Gires" uniqKey="Usup G" first="Gires" last="Usup">Gires Usup</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitii Kebagsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia;<email>giresusup@yahoo.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, Joanne" sort="Wilson, Joanne" uniqKey="Wilson J" first="Joanne" last="Wilson">Joanne Wilson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">Coral Triangle Centre, The Nature Conservancy, Jl Pengembak 2, Sanur, 80228, Bali, Indonesia;<email>jowilson67@gmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yin, Kedong" sort="Yin, Kedong" uniqKey="Yin K" first="Kedong" last="Yin">Kedong Yin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Griffith University, Australian Rivers Institute, Kessel Rd., Nathan Queensland 4111, Australia;<email>m.burford@griffith.edu.au</email>;<email>k.yin@griffith.edu.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Mingjiang" sort="Zhou, Mingjiang" uniqKey="Zhou M" first="Mingjiang" last="Zhou">Mingjiang Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, P.R. China;<email>mjzhou@ms.qdio.ac.cm</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Mingyuan" sort="Zhu, Mingyuan" uniqKey="Zhu M" first="Mingyuan" last="Zhu">Mingyuan Zhu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">First Institute of Oceanography, 6 Xianxialing Road, High-tech Industrial Park, 266061 Qingdao, P.R. China;<email>zhumingyuan@fio.org.cn</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">18439628</idno><idno type="pmc">5373553</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5373553</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5373553</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.03.010</idno><date when="2008">2008</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001C83</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001C83</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001B41</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">001B41</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">002953</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">002953</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000380</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">000380</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">000380</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0025-326X:2008:Glibert P:ocean:urea:fertilization</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">008E06</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">008570</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">008570</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Ocean Urea Fertilization for Carbon Credits Poses High Ecological Risks</title><author><name sortKey="Glibert, Patricia M" sort="Glibert, Patricia M" uniqKey="Glibert P" first="Patricia M." last="Glibert">Patricia M. Glibert</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, PO Box 775, Cambridge MD 21613, USA;<email>glibert@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>kana@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>joneil@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>stoecker@hpl.umces.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Azanza, Rhodora" sort="Azanza, Rhodora" uniqKey="Azanza R" first="Rhodora" last="Azanza">Rhodora Azanza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">The Marine Science Institute, Velasquez, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines;<email>rhodaazanza@yahoo.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burford, Michele" sort="Burford, Michele" uniqKey="Burford M" first="Michele" last="Burford">Michele Burford</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Griffith University, Australian Rivers Institute, Kessel Rd., Nathan Queensland 4111, Australia;<email>m.burford@griffith.edu.au</email>;<email>k.yin@griffith.edu.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Furuya, Ken" sort="Furuya, Ken" uniqKey="Furuya K" first="Ken" last="Furuya">Ken Furuya</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Aquatic Bioscience, the University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;<email>furuya@fs.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abal, Eva" sort="Abal, Eva" uniqKey="Abal E" first="Eva" last="Abal">Eva Abal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">South East Queensland Healthy Waterways Partnership, 239 George Street, GPO Box 1434, Brisbane Queensland 4001, Australia;<email>e.abal@uq.edu.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Azri, Adnan" sort="Al Azri, Adnan" uniqKey="Al Azri A" first="Adnan" last="Al-Azri">Adnan Al-Azri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Dept. of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O.Box 34, Al-Khodh, PC123 Muscat, Oman;<email>adnazri@squ.edu.om</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Yamani, Faiza" sort="Al Yamani, Faiza" uniqKey="Al Yamani F" first="Faiza" last="Al-Yamani">Faiza Al-Yamani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O Box 24885 Safat 13109, Kuwait;<email>fyamani@safat.kisr.edu.kw</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andersen, Per" sort="Andersen, Per" uniqKey="Andersen P" first="Per" last="Andersen">Per Andersen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Orbicon A/S, Jens Juuls Vej 18, 8260, Viby J., Denmark;<email>pea@orbicon.dk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beardall, John" sort="Beardall, John" uniqKey="Beardall J" first="John" last="Beardall">John Beardall</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Victoria 3800, Australia;<email>john.beardall@sci.monash.edu.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berg, G Mine" sort="Berg, G Mine" uniqKey="Berg G" first="G. Mine" last="Berg">G. Mine Berg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;<email>mineberg@stanford.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brand, Larry" sort="Brand, Larry" uniqKey="Brand L" first="Larry" last="Brand">Larry Brand</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Rosentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA;<email>lbrand@rsmas.miami.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bronk, Deborah" sort="Bronk, Deborah" uniqKey="Bronk D" first="Deborah" last="Bronk">Deborah Bronk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Virginia Institute of Marine Science, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA;<email>bronk@vims.edu</email>;<email>diaz@vims.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brookes, Justin" sort="Brookes, Justin" uniqKey="Brookes J" first="Justin" last="Brookes">Justin Brookes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Water Research Cluster, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide South Australia 5005, Australia;<email>justin.brookes@adelaide.edu.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burkholder, Joann M" sort="Burkholder, Joann M" uniqKey="Burkholder J" first="Joann M." last="Burkholder">Joann M. Burkholder</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA;<email>jburk@ncsu.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cembella, Allan" sort="Cembella, Allan" uniqKey="Cembella A" first="Allan" last="Cembella">Allan Cembella</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;<email>Allan.Cembella@awi.de</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cochlan, William P" sort="Cochlan, William P" uniqKey="Cochlan W" first="William P." last="Cochlan">William P. Cochlan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94920, USA;<email>cochlan@sfsu.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Collier, Jackie" sort="Collier, Jackie" uniqKey="Collier J" first="Jackie" last="Collier">Jackie Collier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">Marine Sciences Research Center, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;<email>jcollier@notes.cc.sunysb.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Collos, Yves" sort="Collos, Yves" uniqKey="Collos Y" first="Yves" last="Collos">Yves Collos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Université Montpellier 2, CNRS, Ifremer, Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Lagunaires (UMR 5119) CC093, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France;<email>Yves.Collos@univ-montp2.fr</email>;<email>cjauzein@univ-montp2.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diaz, Robert" sort="Diaz, Robert" uniqKey="Diaz R" first="Robert" last="Diaz">Robert Diaz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">Virginia Institute of Marine Science, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA;<email>bronk@vims.edu</email>;<email>diaz@vims.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doblin, Martina" sort="Doblin, Martina" uniqKey="Doblin M" first="Martina" last="Doblin">Martina Doblin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia;<email>Martina.Doblin@uts.edu.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Drennen, Thomas" sort="Drennen, Thomas" uniqKey="Drennen T" first="Thomas" last="Drennen">Thomas Drennen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Departments of Economics and Environmental Studies, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva NY 14456, USA;<email>drennen@hws.edu</email>;<email>austin.kana@hws.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dyhrman, Sonya" sort="Dyhrman, Sonya" uniqKey="Dyhrman S" first="Sonya" last="Dyhrman">Sonya Dyhrman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Biology Department MS#33, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;<email>sdyhrman@whoi.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fukuyo, Yasuwo" sort="Fukuyo, Yasuwo" uniqKey="Fukuyo Y" first="Yasuwo" last="Fukuyo">Yasuwo Fukuyo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;<email>ufukuyo@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Furnas, Miles" sort="Furnas, Miles" uniqKey="Furnas M" first="Miles" last="Furnas">Miles Furnas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">Water Quality and Ecosystem Health Team, Australian Institute of Marine Science PMB No. 3, Townsville MC, Queensland 4810, Australia;<email>m.furnas@aims.gov.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Galloway, James" sort="Galloway, James" uniqKey="Galloway J" first="James" last="Galloway">James Galloway</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Environmental Sciences Department, Clark Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22903 VA, USA;<email>jng@virginia.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Graneli, Edna" sort="Graneli, Edna" uniqKey="Graneli E" first="Edna" last="Granéli">Edna Granéli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Department of Marine Sciences, University of Kalmar, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden;<email>edna.graneli@hik.se</email>;<email>catherine.legrand@hik.se</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ha, Dao Viet" sort="Ha, Dao Viet" uniqKey="Ha D" first="Dao Viet" last="Ha">Dao Viet Ha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A26">Institute of Oceanography, Cauda 01, Vinh Nguyen, Nhatrang City, Vietnam;<email>tmmp_vnocean@ng.vnn.vn</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hallegraeff, Gustaaf" sort="Hallegraeff, Gustaaf" uniqKey="Hallegraeff G" first="Gustaaf" last="Hallegraeff">Gustaaf Hallegraeff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A27">School of Plant Science,University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart Tasmania 7001, Australia;<email>Hallegraeff@utas.edu.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harrison, John" sort="Harrison, John" uniqKey="Harrison J" first="John" last="Harrison">John Harrison</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A28">School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver Campus, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA;<email>harrisoj@vancouver.wsu.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harrison, Paul J" sort="Harrison, Paul J" uniqKey="Harrison P" first="Paul J." last="Harrison">Paul J. Harrison</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A29">Atmospheric, Marine and Coastal Environment Program, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China;<email>harrison@ust.hk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heil, Cynthia A" sort="Heil, Cynthia A" uniqKey="Heil C" first="Cynthia A." last="Heil">Cynthia A. Heil</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A30">Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, 100 Eighth Ave., S., St. Petersburg, FL 33701 USA;<email>Cindy.Heil@MyFWC.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heimann, Kirsten" sort="Heimann, Kirsten" uniqKey="Heimann K" first="Kirsten" last="Heimann">Kirsten Heimann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A31">School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville Queensland 4811, Australia;<email>Kirsten.Heimann@jcu.edu.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Howarth, Robert" sort="Howarth, Robert" uniqKey="Howarth R" first="Robert" last="Howarth">Robert Howarth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, E311 Corson Hall, Ithaca NY 14853, USA;<email>rwh2@cornell.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jauzein, Cecile" sort="Jauzein, Cecile" uniqKey="Jauzein C" first="Cécile" last="Jauzein">Cécile Jauzein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Université Montpellier 2, CNRS, Ifremer, Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Lagunaires (UMR 5119) CC093, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France;<email>Yves.Collos@univ-montp2.fr</email>;<email>cjauzein@univ-montp2.fr</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kana, Austin A" sort="Kana, Austin A" uniqKey="Kana A" first="Austin A." last="Kana">Austin A. Kana</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">Departments of Economics and Environmental Studies, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva NY 14456, USA;<email>drennen@hws.edu</email>;<email>austin.kana@hws.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kana, Todd M" sort="Kana, Todd M" uniqKey="Kana T" first="Todd M." last="Kana">Todd M. Kana</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, PO Box 775, Cambridge MD 21613, USA;<email>glibert@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>kana@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>joneil@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>stoecker@hpl.umces.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Hakgyoon" sort="Kim, Hakgyoon" uniqKey="Kim H" first="Hakgyoon" last="Kim">Hakgyoon Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A33">Pukyong National University, Department of Ocean Science, 599-1 Daeyon-Dong, Nam-gu, Busan, Korea;<email>hgkim7592@yahoo.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kudela, Raphael" sort="Kudela, Raphael" uniqKey="Kudela R" first="Raphael" last="Kudela">Raphael Kudela</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A34">Ocean Sciences and Institute for Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;<email>kudela@ucsc.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Legrand, Catherine" sort="Legrand, Catherine" uniqKey="Legrand C" first="Catherine" last="Legrand">Catherine Legrand</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">Department of Marine Sciences, University of Kalmar, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden;<email>edna.graneli@hik.se</email>;<email>catherine.legrand@hik.se</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mallin, Michael" sort="Mallin, Michael" uniqKey="Mallin M" first="Michael" last="Mallin">Michael Mallin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A35">Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, N.C. 28409;<email>mallinm@uncw.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mulholland, Margaret" sort="Mulholland, Margaret" uniqKey="Mulholland M" first="Margaret" last="Mulholland">Margaret Mulholland</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A36">Department of Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Old Dominion University, 4600 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA;<email>mmulholl@odu.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murray, Shauna" sort="Murray, Shauna" uniqKey="Murray S" first="Shauna" last="Murray">Shauna Murray</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A37">School of Biological Sciences A08, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia;<email>smurray@bio.usyd.edu.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Eil, Judith" sort="O Eil, Judith" uniqKey="O Eil J" first="Judith" last="O Eil">Judith O Eil</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, PO Box 775, Cambridge MD 21613, USA;<email>glibert@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>kana@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>joneil@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>stoecker@hpl.umces.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pitcher, Grant" sort="Pitcher, Grant" uniqKey="Pitcher G" first="Grant" last="Pitcher">Grant Pitcher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A38">Marine and Coastal Management, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay 8012, Cape Town, South Africa;<email>Gpitcher@deat.gov.za</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qi, Yuzao" sort="Qi, Yuzao" uniqKey="Qi Y" first="Yuzao" last="Qi">Yuzao Qi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A39">Jinan University, Research Center for Harmful Algae and Aquatic Environment, 510632, Guanzhou, P.R. China;<email>tql@jnu.edu.cn</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rabalais, Nancy" sort="Rabalais, Nancy" uniqKey="Rabalais N" first="Nancy" last="Rabalais">Nancy Rabalais</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A40">Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, Chauvin, LA 70344, USA;<email>nrabalais@lumcon.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raine, Robin" sort="Raine, Robin" uniqKey="Raine R" first="Robin" last="Raine">Robin Raine</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A41">Martin Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland;<email>robin.raine@nuigalway.ie</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seitzinger, Sybil" sort="Seitzinger, Sybil" uniqKey="Seitzinger S" first="Sybil" last="Seitzinger">Sybil Seitzinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A42">Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Rutgers/NOAA CMER, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;<email>sybil@marine.rutgers.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Solomon, Caroline" sort="Solomon, Caroline" uniqKey="Solomon C" first="Caroline" last="Solomon">Caroline Solomon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A43">Department of Biology, Gallaudet University, 800 Florida Ave, NE, Washington D.C. 20002, USA;<email>caroline.solomon@gallaudet.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stoecker, Diane K" sort="Stoecker, Diane K" uniqKey="Stoecker D" first="Diane K." last="Stoecker">Diane K. Stoecker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, PO Box 775, Cambridge MD 21613, USA;<email>glibert@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>kana@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>joneil@hpl.umces.edu</email>;<email>stoecker@hpl.umces.edu</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Usup, Gires" sort="Usup, Gires" uniqKey="Usup G" first="Gires" last="Usup">Gires Usup</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A44">Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitii Kebagsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia;<email>giresusup@yahoo.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, Joanne" sort="Wilson, Joanne" uniqKey="Wilson J" first="Joanne" last="Wilson">Joanne Wilson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A45">Coral Triangle Centre, The Nature Conservancy, Jl Pengembak 2, Sanur, 80228, Bali, Indonesia;<email>jowilson67@gmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yin, Kedong" sort="Yin, Kedong" uniqKey="Yin K" first="Kedong" last="Yin">Kedong Yin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Griffith University, Australian Rivers Institute, Kessel Rd., Nathan Queensland 4111, Australia;<email>m.burford@griffith.edu.au</email>;<email>k.yin@griffith.edu.au</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Mingjiang" sort="Zhou, Mingjiang" uniqKey="Zhou M" first="Mingjiang" last="Zhou">Mingjiang Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A46">Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, P.R. China;<email>mjzhou@ms.qdio.ac.cm</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Mingyuan" sort="Zhu, Mingyuan" uniqKey="Zhu M" first="Mingyuan" last="Zhu">Mingyuan Zhu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A47">First Institute of Oceanography, 6 Xianxialing Road, High-tech Industrial Park, 266061 Qingdao, P.R. China;<email>zhumingyuan@fio.org.cn</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Marine pollution bulletin</title><idno type="ISSN">0025-326X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1879-3363</idno><imprint><date when="2008">2008</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P1">The proposed plan for enrichment of the Sulu Sea, Philippines, a region of rich marine biodiversity, with thousands of tonnes of urea in order to stimulate algal blooms and sequester carbon is flawed for multiple reasons. Urea is preferentially used as a nitrogen source by some cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, many of which are neutrally or positively buoyant. Biological pumps to the deep sea are classically leaky, and the inefficient burial of new biomass makes the estimation of a net loss of carbon from the atmosphere questionable at best. The potential for growth of toxic dinoflagellates is also high, as many grow well on urea and some even increase their toxicity when grown on urea. Many toxic dinoflagellates form cysts which can settle to the sediment and germinate in subsequent years, forming new blooms even without further fertilization. If large-scale blooms do occur, it is likely that they will contribute to hypoxia in the bottom waters upon decomposition. Lastly, urea production requires fossil fuel usage, further limiting the potential for net carbon sequestration. The environmental and economic impacts are potentially great and need to be rigorously assessed.</p></div></front></TEI><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Abal, Eva" sort="Abal, Eva" uniqKey="Abal E" first="Eva" last="Abal">Eva Abal</name><name sortKey="Al Azri, Adnan" sort="Al Azri, Adnan" uniqKey="Al Azri A" first="Adnan" last="Al-Azri">Adnan Al-Azri</name><name sortKey="Al Yamani, Faiza" sort="Al Yamani, Faiza" uniqKey="Al Yamani F" first="Faiza" last="Al-Yamani">Faiza Al-Yamani</name><name sortKey="Andersen, Per" sort="Andersen, Per" uniqKey="Andersen P" first="Per" last="Andersen">Per Andersen</name><name sortKey="Azanza, Rhodora" sort="Azanza, Rhodora" uniqKey="Azanza R" first="Rhodora" last="Azanza">Rhodora Azanza</name><name sortKey="Beardall, John" sort="Beardall, John" uniqKey="Beardall J" first="John" last="Beardall">John Beardall</name><name sortKey="Berg, G Mine" sort="Berg, G Mine" uniqKey="Berg G" first="G. Mine" last="Berg">G. Mine Berg</name><name sortKey="Brand, Larry" sort="Brand, Larry" uniqKey="Brand L" first="Larry" last="Brand">Larry Brand</name><name sortKey="Bronk, Deborah" sort="Bronk, Deborah" uniqKey="Bronk D" first="Deborah" last="Bronk">Deborah Bronk</name><name sortKey="Brookes, Justin" sort="Brookes, Justin" uniqKey="Brookes J" first="Justin" last="Brookes">Justin Brookes</name><name sortKey="Burford, Michele" sort="Burford, Michele" uniqKey="Burford M" first="Michele" last="Burford">Michele Burford</name><name sortKey="Burkholder, Joann M" sort="Burkholder, Joann M" uniqKey="Burkholder J" first="Joann M." last="Burkholder">Joann M. Burkholder</name><name sortKey="Cembella, Allan" sort="Cembella, Allan" uniqKey="Cembella A" first="Allan" last="Cembella">Allan Cembella</name><name sortKey="Cochlan, William P" sort="Cochlan, William P" uniqKey="Cochlan W" first="William P." last="Cochlan">William P. Cochlan</name><name sortKey="Collier, Jackie" sort="Collier, Jackie" uniqKey="Collier J" first="Jackie" last="Collier">Jackie Collier</name><name sortKey="Collos, Yves" sort="Collos, Yves" uniqKey="Collos Y" first="Yves" last="Collos">Yves Collos</name><name sortKey="Diaz, Robert" sort="Diaz, Robert" uniqKey="Diaz R" first="Robert" last="Diaz">Robert Diaz</name><name sortKey="Doblin, Martina" sort="Doblin, Martina" uniqKey="Doblin M" first="Martina" last="Doblin">Martina Doblin</name><name sortKey="Drennen, Thomas" sort="Drennen, Thomas" uniqKey="Drennen T" first="Thomas" last="Drennen">Thomas Drennen</name><name sortKey="Dyhrman, Sonya" sort="Dyhrman, Sonya" uniqKey="Dyhrman S" first="Sonya" last="Dyhrman">Sonya Dyhrman</name><name sortKey="Fukuyo, Yasuwo" sort="Fukuyo, Yasuwo" uniqKey="Fukuyo Y" first="Yasuwo" last="Fukuyo">Yasuwo Fukuyo</name><name sortKey="Furnas, Miles" sort="Furnas, Miles" uniqKey="Furnas M" first="Miles" last="Furnas">Miles Furnas</name><name sortKey="Furuya, Ken" sort="Furuya, Ken" uniqKey="Furuya K" first="Ken" last="Furuya">Ken Furuya</name><name sortKey="Galloway, James" sort="Galloway, James" uniqKey="Galloway J" first="James" last="Galloway">James Galloway</name><name sortKey="Glibert, Patricia M" sort="Glibert, Patricia M" uniqKey="Glibert P" first="Patricia M." last="Glibert">Patricia M. Glibert</name><name sortKey="Graneli, Edna" sort="Graneli, Edna" uniqKey="Graneli E" first="Edna" last="Granéli">Edna Granéli</name><name sortKey="Ha, Dao Viet" sort="Ha, Dao Viet" uniqKey="Ha D" first="Dao Viet" last="Ha">Dao Viet Ha</name><name sortKey="Hallegraeff, Gustaaf" sort="Hallegraeff, Gustaaf" uniqKey="Hallegraeff G" first="Gustaaf" last="Hallegraeff">Gustaaf Hallegraeff</name><name sortKey="Harrison, John" sort="Harrison, John" uniqKey="Harrison J" first="John" last="Harrison">John Harrison</name><name sortKey="Harrison, Paul J" sort="Harrison, Paul J" uniqKey="Harrison P" first="Paul J." last="Harrison">Paul J. Harrison</name><name sortKey="Heil, Cynthia A" sort="Heil, Cynthia A" uniqKey="Heil C" first="Cynthia A." last="Heil">Cynthia A. Heil</name><name sortKey="Heimann, Kirsten" sort="Heimann, Kirsten" uniqKey="Heimann K" first="Kirsten" last="Heimann">Kirsten Heimann</name><name sortKey="Howarth, Robert" sort="Howarth, Robert" uniqKey="Howarth R" first="Robert" last="Howarth">Robert Howarth</name><name sortKey="Jauzein, Cecile" sort="Jauzein, Cecile" uniqKey="Jauzein C" first="Cécile" last="Jauzein">Cécile Jauzein</name><name sortKey="Kana, Austin A" sort="Kana, Austin A" uniqKey="Kana A" first="Austin A." last="Kana">Austin A. Kana</name><name sortKey="Kana, Todd M" sort="Kana, Todd M" uniqKey="Kana T" first="Todd M." last="Kana">Todd M. Kana</name><name sortKey="Kim, Hakgyoon" sort="Kim, Hakgyoon" uniqKey="Kim H" first="Hakgyoon" last="Kim">Hakgyoon Kim</name><name sortKey="Kudela, Raphael" sort="Kudela, Raphael" uniqKey="Kudela R" first="Raphael" last="Kudela">Raphael Kudela</name><name sortKey="Legrand, Catherine" sort="Legrand, Catherine" uniqKey="Legrand C" first="Catherine" last="Legrand">Catherine Legrand</name><name sortKey="Mallin, Michael" sort="Mallin, Michael" uniqKey="Mallin M" first="Michael" last="Mallin">Michael Mallin</name><name sortKey="Mulholland, Margaret" sort="Mulholland, Margaret" uniqKey="Mulholland M" first="Margaret" last="Mulholland">Margaret Mulholland</name><name sortKey="Murray, Shauna" sort="Murray, Shauna" uniqKey="Murray S" first="Shauna" last="Murray">Shauna Murray</name><name sortKey="O Eil, Judith" sort="O Eil, Judith" uniqKey="O Eil J" first="Judith" last="O Eil">Judith O Eil</name><name sortKey="Pitcher, Grant" sort="Pitcher, Grant" uniqKey="Pitcher G" first="Grant" last="Pitcher">Grant Pitcher</name><name sortKey="Qi, Yuzao" sort="Qi, Yuzao" uniqKey="Qi Y" first="Yuzao" last="Qi">Yuzao Qi</name><name sortKey="Rabalais, Nancy" sort="Rabalais, Nancy" uniqKey="Rabalais N" first="Nancy" last="Rabalais">Nancy Rabalais</name><name sortKey="Raine, Robin" sort="Raine, Robin" uniqKey="Raine R" first="Robin" last="Raine">Robin Raine</name><name sortKey="Seitzinger, Sybil" sort="Seitzinger, Sybil" uniqKey="Seitzinger S" first="Sybil" last="Seitzinger">Sybil Seitzinger</name><name sortKey="Solomon, Caroline" sort="Solomon, Caroline" uniqKey="Solomon C" first="Caroline" last="Solomon">Caroline Solomon</name><name sortKey="Stoecker, Diane K" sort="Stoecker, Diane K" uniqKey="Stoecker D" first="Diane K." last="Stoecker">Diane K. Stoecker</name><name sortKey="Usup, Gires" sort="Usup, Gires" uniqKey="Usup G" first="Gires" last="Usup">Gires Usup</name><name sortKey="Wilson, Joanne" sort="Wilson, Joanne" uniqKey="Wilson J" first="Joanne" last="Wilson">Joanne Wilson</name><name sortKey="Yin, Kedong" sort="Yin, Kedong" uniqKey="Yin K" first="Kedong" last="Yin">Kedong Yin</name><name sortKey="Zhou, Mingjiang" sort="Zhou, Mingjiang" uniqKey="Zhou M" first="Mingjiang" last="Zhou">Mingjiang Zhou</name><name sortKey="Zhu, Mingyuan" sort="Zhu, Mingyuan" uniqKey="Zhu M" first="Mingyuan" last="Zhu">Mingyuan Zhu</name></noCountry></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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